EFFECT OF WORK STRESS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STAFF IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN AKURE AKURE SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ONDO STATE

  ABSTRACT

The study examined Effect of work  stress on the effectiveness of staff in public secondary schools in akure  local government area of ondo state.  In view of this, four were raised to guide the study. The descriptive survey research method was used for this study. Data were collected as it is, analyzed and reported without manipulation or distortion of any of the variables. The population of the study comprises of all the staff in five selected secondary schools in   Akure South Local Government  Area . The total sample for this research work consists of one hundred (100) respondents (workers) in akure  Akure South Local Government  Area  State. The instruments for the study was a twenty (20)-item survey. The Assessment Questionnaire made used a modified Likert-type scale with four response options. The instrument was designed by the researcher . After developing the instrument, its face and content validity were established by subjecting it to an assessment by the researcher’s supervisor.   For the reliability of the instrument,  the questionnaire were collected and re-administered in time of an interval of two weeks to the same set of respondents. Questionnaires issued were returned and analyzed based on simple percentage and frequency counts. The study also revealed that  work stress can lead to persistent contractions of the muscles of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulders,stress can eventually weaken the body‘s immune system and stress can lead to death, which  implies that job stress has negative effect on the health of workers. Based on the findings of the study it was recommendations that  Since the occupation related stress from lack of support from supervisors in tough times and workload conflict was high among workers, attention should be  to solve these issues- Lack of resources such as inadequate staff and lack of equipment must be advocated by the heads of the department or sections for the benefit of the staff.  Performance is hindered by stress because the individual faces signals of stress which affects their productivity. Therefore, increasing formal organizational communication with employees reduces stress by lessening the role ambiguity. Open communication has an advantage of resolving conflicts between supervisors and subordinates. Lack of effective communication could cause unresolved conflicts that increase stress level.

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 Staff stress is a much talked of phenomenon, however there is little consensus between different professional groups regarding its etiology or how to tackle it. Based on the review of international research, it is concluded that staff stress is a real phenomenon and that high levels are reliably associated with a range of causal factors, including those intrinsic to working in an office, individual vulnerability
and systemic influences. Stress can be said to be an involuntary response to a dangerous situation or events that frighten, irritate, confuse, endanger or excite us and place demands on the body (Keufman 2018).

Hans (2011) described stress as the interaction of the organism with the environment. He explained further that it is an adoptive response mediated by individual characteristics and/or psychological processes, that is, a consequence of any external action, situation or event that places special physical and/or psychological demands upon a person. Thus, it is a person's response to a disturbance. According to Omoruyi (2015), the term stress is defined as the condition when a person's body reacts to the outside pressure. Lazarus (2016) describes stress to be the dynamic interaction of an individual with the environment which is triggered by the individual's perception to threat. According to him, stress is not simply a synonym of affliction worry or disturbance; it refers to the internal condition of an individual. Failure could arise because of tension, anxiety, producing a condition that could be a problem to the health of normal person or situation that one interacts with.

            Adenugba (2019) is of the opinion that stress is the adverse reaction in which people have excess pressure   or other types of demand placed on them. As apositive influence, stress can compel someone to action, it can result in a new awareness and an exciting perspective while as a negative influence, and it can  result in feelings of distrust, rejection, anger and depression which in turn can lead to health problems, such as headaches, stomach upset, rashes, insomnia, ulcer, high blood pressure, heart diseases and stroke. With the death of a loved one, the birth of a child, a job promotion or a new relationship, we experience stress as we live just our lives. He said further that in adjusting to different circumstance, stress helps or hinders us depending on how we react to it. From the above definition, it could be deducted that stress is an adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and/or behavioural deviations for staff. Thus, stress is neither anxiety nor nervous tension. Though stress may be accompanied by anxiety, but the two are not the same and should not be equated. The influence of stress
on staff's job performance is an issue to look into so that proper management of stressful situations that affect staff's job performances will be handled. Staff's job is described to be very stressful Kaal (2010).

            This in turn reduces their effectiveness and efficiency by impairing concentration, causing sleeplessness, increasing the risk for illness, back problems and accidents. In fact, a number of studies are now suggesting that job related stress is a great threat to health as smoking or not exercising (Kauman 2015, Wellen & Dickson 2018).

            The experience of stress in the education system can no longer be ignored. This is because working in the office has been identified as one of the most stressful professions today. According to Uka (2009), this is as a result of shortage of staffs and increases in student enrolment. In education for instance Foster (2018) was of the opinion that frequent re-organization of the syllabus, workload, staff room  conflicts and students' behaviours are causes of stress to staff. However the increasing demands of a job performed by staff in the office have produced adverse stressful office situations, this in turn; increases emotional and physical disabilities among staffs. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness of the issue so that both
the internal factors and external circumstances that contribute towards the experience of stress by staffs can be addressed by staffs and by the organizations they work for they work. Staff's stress affects staffs across various types of organizations, gender and job experience. 

 

Stress among secondary school teachers  has increasingly become a concern for many  educational institutions. To paraphrase the “father of stress,” Hans Selye, stress is an inevitable significance of life, and therefore an ines-

capable significance of organizations.

Currently, many challenges experienced by  each and every human in life can produce  stress. Stress has become a common problem  that nearly everyone has to deal with especially  those who involve in intellectual activities such

as teaching career. Morgan and Kitching (2017)  stated teaching as an occupation is a demanding job that involves highly intellectual activities however,  there are various intellectual signs of stress  that can disturb people in the profession, these  includes memory problem, misperception, poor judgment, lack of attentiveness, while the  emotional symptoms an be annoyance, irritation, temperamental, and unhappiness, all of  these can have harmful adverse effects on the  teachers’ job.

The goal of education in developing countries like Kenya is to equip students with new skills, tacit knowledge, cultures, attitudes, behaviors and innovative ways of solving day to day problems in life. Education is aimed at supplying the economy with human capital that can convert efficiently other resources into output of high value for quality life (UNESCO, 2010) . To attain quality education for sustainable development, the teacher as the core instiller of knowledge should be well motivated, healthy and satisfied with the job for excellent performance (KUPPET, 2015).

Unfortunately, previous studies indicate that teachers are usually under work-related stress hence not able to achieve the expected high levels of performance leading to ineffective education and delays in national and global development (Kyriacou & Chien, 2019). Many researchers agree that job dissatisfaction caused by multiple factors (stressors) leads to teachers‟ stress, ill health, poor performance and eventually high teacher turnover (Borg, 2010; Bowers et al., 2010; Kyriacou, 2001 Work- related stress refers to the negative adaptive reactions such as anxiety, anger, frustration or depression experienced by a teacher due to new, threatening or over demanding aspects of his/her work as a teacher which is beyond his/her abilities, resources, control or needs thus affecting his/her physical, emotional and/or behavioral health, performance and quality of life (Borg, 2010; Cummings & Worley, 2018; Kyriacou, 2001).Work and workplace is itself a stressful aspect and therefore various aspects are connected to stress. Almost all dimensions of the organization including physical environment, structure, roles, policies and relationships can cause stress (Ivancevich et al., 2010; Seaward, 2019).

Teachers performance entails the effectiveness of the teacher based on students‟ performance results, attendance, communication skills, syllabus coverage, professionalism, decision making, interpersonal skills and classroom management (TSC, 2018). Teaching is always marked as vital significant profession of the whole world as all the professions take their roots and nourishment from the said profession (Hanif, 2014).

Statement of the problem 

Workload meant the amount of work that has to be done by a particular person or organization (Mbunda, 2018). In this study, the factors that add teachers’ workload were examined. They include number of periods taught by one teacher per week, construction and marking of internal tests, making load and administrative roles. According to Kyriacou (2001), the sources of stress experienced by a particular teacher will, of course, be unique to him or her and will depend on the precise complex interaction between his or her personality, values, skills, and circumstances. Moreover, coping mechanisms, personality traits, or the environment can interactively influence the degree to which stressful situations are being perceived, and influence the teacher’s emotional and cognitive well-being. The syndrome of burnout and stress at work refers to a combination of emotions, physical symptoms and behaviors that develop as a consequence of the conditions and characteristics of the so-called helping professions (Ben-Zur & Yagil, 2015. Although stress always involves a transaction between the individual and their environment for heuristic purposes, causal factors in teacher stress can be divided into three broad areas; factors intrinsic to teaching, cognitive factors affecting the individual vulnerability of teachers and systemic factors operate at the institutional and political level. Systemic denotes a broad cluster of organizational factors that are not intrinsic to the nature of teaching, but rather dependent on the climate of the educational institution or the wider context of education, including the political domain.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of work  stress on the effectiveness of staff in public secondary schools in Akure South Local Government  Area The study also sought;

1.      The effect of stress on staff effectiveness in secondary school

2.      Find out the strategies which could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among staff

3.      Find out what can be done to help  staff  with stress related problems

4.      Find out how work stress have any effect on the health of workers?

Research Questions

Based on the purpose of the study, the specific research questions to which answers were sought are:

1.      What are the effect of stress on staff effectiveness in secondary school?

2.      Are there any strategies which could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among staff?

3.      What can be done to help  staff  with stress related problems?

4.      Does work stress have any effect on the health of workers?

 

METHODOLOGY

Research design

The researcher used survey design of the descriptive type of research for this study. The researcher considered that this type of design was suitable for the study because it allows a wide coverage within a limited time. In a survey study, the researcher selected the sample from the segment of population, for an exploratory study to enable her to have a representative opinion of the characteristics of the subjects. It is the most widely used type of descriptive research. Survey design is very useful because it has a wide range of scope and coverage; hence generalization is possible (Omirin, 2018).

          The population of this research work compraises of all the  secondary school staff  in Akure South Local Government  Area of Ondo  state 

         The sample for this study comprised of one hundred    respondents. The sampling techniques that was used for this study is simple random sampling techniques. The sample cuts across ten selected public secondary schools in Alimosho local government area.  Twelve teachers will be selected from each of the schools.

The instrument that was used for this research work is a questionnaire named Effect of work  stress on the effectiveness of staff   .It was designed by the researcher along with the variables under study and the question it contains was drawn from  research questions 

         The self-developed questionnaire is an instrument designed for the study. Section A contains the bio-data of the respondents while section B was used to elicit information on the research topic.

The data that was gotten from the study was subjected to statistical analysis of frequency counts and simple percentage for demographic data while Chi-square (X²) was used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study at 0.05 level of significance.

 

 

 

PRESENTATION OF RESULT

Descriptive Analysis

  Analysis of respondents’ on demographic information

Demographic variables	Groupings	Frequency	Percentage
Sex	Male Female	50 50	50.0 50.0
Marital Status	Single Married Divorce	10 90 -	10.0 90.0 -
Working Experience	1-5 yrs 6-10 yrs 11 -15 yrs 16 yrs and above	20 55 20 5	20.0 55.0 20.0 5.0

            Table 1 presents analysis of respondents on demographic information. The sample comprises of 50.0% male respondents and 50% female respondents. Distribution according to marital status reveals that 90% representing majority of the sample were married only 10.0% were singled. Distribution according to working experience revealed that majority of the respondents representing 55.0% working experience is between 6 – 10yrs while 20.0% fall between 1-5yrs, 20.0% fall in-between 11-15yrs, 16 yrs and above only had 5.0%.

Analysis of Research Questions

Question 1: What are the effect of stress on staff effectiveness in secondary school?

S/N	ITEMS	SD		D		A		SA
		F	%	F	%	f	%	F	%	Mean
1.	Insufficient control over work can lead  to low productivity	-	-	2	2.0	15	15.0	83	83.0	3.81
2.	Inadequate support and training of some workers leads to low productivity	-	-	6	6.0	23	23.0	71	71.0	3.65
3.	work stress increases the frequency of minor physical ailments which affect effectiveness	30	30.0	2	2.0	57.0	57.0	11	11.0	3.34
4.	Absenteeism of workers, fall in quality and quantity of work.	4	4.0	6	6.0	24	24.0	66	66.0	3.52

 

            Table 2 revealed that 83% of the total respondents strongly agree that insufficient control over work can lead  to low productivity, 15% agree while 2% disagree. In item 2, 71% strongly agree that inadequate support and training of some workers leads to low productivity, 23% agree while 6% disagree. 30% respondents strongly disagreed that job stress increases the frequency of minor physical ailments which affect effectiveness, 57% strongly agreed, 11% agreed while 2% disagree.In item 4, 66% strongly agree that absenteeism of workers, fall in quality and quantity of work., 24% agree, 6% disagree while 4% strongly disagree.

            Using a cutoff mean of 2.50 for the rating scale, all the items had mean scores above the cutoff mean. This implies that insufficient control over work can lead to low productivity, inadequate support and training of some workers leads to low productivity, job stress increases the frequency of minor physical ailments which affect productivity, absenteeism of workers, fall in quality and quantity of work contribute to low productivity among workers.

Question 2: Are there any strategies which could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among staff?

S/N	ITEMS	SD		D		A		SA		Mean
		F	%	f	%	f	%	f	%
1.	School management can help subordinates reduce stress by including them in decisions that affect their work assignments and workloads.	-	-	4	4.0	26	26.0	70	70.0	3.66
2.	Develop and implementation of policies on reasonable working hours, including overtime.	-	-	3	3.0	33	33.0	64	64.0	3.61
3.	Ensure there is adequate staffing to do the work.	4	4.0	9	9.0	50	50.0	37	37.0	3.20
4.	Identify and control physical hazard at the workplaces	10	10.0	20	20.0	27	34.0	36	36.0	2.75

 

            Table 3 revealed that 70% of the total sample strongly agree that school managment can help subordinates reduce stress by including them in decisions that affect their work assignments and workloads, 26% agree and 4% disagree. It was also revealed that 64% strongly agree that Develop and implementation of policies on reasonable working hours, including overtime could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers, 33% agree and 3% disagree. In table 3, 37% respondents also strongly agree that ensuring there is adequate staffing to do the work, 50% agree, 9% disagree and 4% strongly disagree. It was show that 36% strongly agree that identify and control physical hazard at the workplaces could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers, 34% agree, 20% disagree and 10% strongly disagree.

            With a cutoff mean of 2.50 for the rating scale, all the items had mean scores above the cutoff mean. This implies that managers can help subordinates reduce stress by including them in decisions that affect their work assignments and workloads, develop and implementation of policies on reasonable working hours, including overtime, ensuring there is adequate staffing to do the work, identify and control physical hazard at the workplaces could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers are strategies which could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers

Question 3: What can be done to help  staff  with stress related problems?

S/N	ITEMS	SD		D		A		SA		Mean
		f	%	f	%	f	%	f	%
1.	Allowing workers to go for medical check –up	5	5.0	9	9.0	41	41.0	45	45.0	3.49
2.	Giving medical allowance	5	5.0	9	9.0	45	45.0	41	41.0	3.6
3.	Implementing time management techniques in workplace	9	9.0	22	22.0	51	51.0	18	18.0	2.78
4.	Ensure there is consultation, cooperation with workers and their representatives.	6	6.0	10	10.0	69	69.0	15	15.0	2.93

 

            Table 4 showed that 45% of the total sample strongly agree that allowing workers to go for medical check –up, could  help workers with stress related problems 41% agree, 9% disagree and 5% strongly disagree. 41% strongly agree that the giving medical allowance  will help workers with stress related problems, 45% agree, 9% disagree and 5% strongly disagree., 51%  respondents  agree that implementing time management techniques in workplace could be of great assistance, 22% disagree and 9% strongly disagree.  It was revealed that 69% of the respondents agree that they ensure there is consultation, cooperation with workers and their representatives could be help worker with stress related problems 10% disagree and 6% strongly disagree. This implies allowing workers to go for medical check –up, could  help workers with stress related problems, giving medical allowance  will help workers with stress related problems,implementing time management techniques in workplace could be of great assistance, and finally ensuring there is consultation, cooperation with workers and their representatives could be help worker with stress related problems

Question 4: Does work stress have any effect on the health of workers?

S/N	ITEMS	SD		D		A		SA
		f	%	f	%	f	%	f	%	Mean
1.	Stress can lead to persistent contractions of the muscles of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulders	-	-	7	7.0	43	43.0	50	50.0	3.40
2.	Stress can eventually weaken the body‘s immune system	4	4.0	9	9.0	50	50.0	37	37.0	3.20
3.	Stress can lead to death	-	-	-	-	23	23.0	77	77.0	3.60
4.	Stress can leads to loss of concentration	-	-	3	3.0	47.0	47.0	50	50.0	3.42

 

            Table 5 showed that 50.0% of the total respondents strongly agree that Stress can lead to persistent contractions of the muscles of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulders, 43.0% agree, 7.0% disagree.  37.0% strongly agree that stress can eventually weaken the body‘s immune system, 50.0% agree, 7.0% disagree and 4.0% strongly disagree. This table also show that 77% strongly agree that stress can lead to death, 23.0% agree, none disagreed. 50.0% strongly agree that stress can leads to loss of concentration, 47.0% agree, 3.0% disagreed.

Using a cutoff mean of 2.50 for the rating scale, all the item had mean scores above the cutoff mean. This implies that job stress has negative effect on the health of workers.

Discussion of Findings

Based on the responses of respondents it was revealed that majority of the respondents were in agreement with question asked. This implies that insufficient control over work can lead to low productivity, inadequate support and training of some workers leads to low productivity, job stress increases the frequency of minor physical ailments which affect productivity, absenteeism of workers, fall in quality and quantity of work contribute to low productivity among workers.

Result also shows that school management can help subordinates reduce stress by including them in decisions that affect their work assignments and workloads, develop and implementation of policies on reasonable working hours, including overtime, ensuring there is adequate staffing to do the work, identify and control physical hazard at the workplaces could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers are strategies which could be adopted to prevent or reduce stress among workers

            Using a cutoff mean of 2.50 for the rating scale, all the item had mean scores above the cutoff mean. This implies allowing workers to go for medical check –up, could  help workers with stress related problems, giving medical allowance  will help workers with stress related problems,implementing time management techniques in workplace could be of great assistance, and finally ensuring there is consultation, cooperation with workers and their representatives could be help worker with stress related problems

Result also revealed that stress can lead to persistent contractions of the muscles of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulders,stress can eventually weaken the body‘s immune system and stress can lead to death, which  implies that job stress has negative effect on the health of workers.

Summary

The purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of work  stress on the effectiveness of staff in  secondary schools. In view of this, four research questions were raised for the study. This study made use of descriptive survey research  The total sample used for this study consists of one hundred (100) respondents (staff) in Akure South Local Government  Area of Ondo State. Questionnaire was used to collect relevant information from the sampled subject. Validity of the instrument was established by given the drafted questionnaires some test export and project supervisor by their correction and suggestion. The reliability was adjudged established. The test –retest results showed that the questionnaire had a reliability value of 0.68. This was regarded high enough to merit the conclusion that the instrument was reliable. The instrument was administered personally and all were collected back. The scores generated were analysed using frequency count and percentages.

It was revealed that insufficient control over work can lead to staff effectiveness, inadequate support and training of some workers leads to low productivity, job stress increases the frequency of minor physical ailments which affect productivity, absenteeism of workers, fall in quality and quantity of work contribute to low productivity among workers.

The study also revealed that work stress can lead to persistent contractions of the muscles of the scalp, face, neck, and shoulders, stress can eventually weaken the body‘s immune system and stress can lead to death, which  implies that job stress has negative effect on the health of workers.

Conclusion

            The study concludes that work stress occurs when some element of work has a negative impact on an employees’ physical and mental wellbeing. For example, work overload and unrealistic time deadlines will put an employee under pressure and stress may occur. Job stress cannot be separated from personal life. For example illnesses in the family or divorce put an employee under pressure and lead to stress.

It was established that stress is the adverse psychological, physiological, behavioural and physical reactions that occur in an individual thereby causing a
distortion of their stable state of equilibrium as a result of their being unable to cope with the demands being made on them. Stress in itself is not a disease but its aftermath can disarticulate the normal body equipoise that might lead to diseases. Stress among teachers in the junior category of secondary were caused by excessive workload and class size per teacher, economic factors, government policies and programmes, administrative pressure, changes in professional skills, parent/teachers relationship, work-life pressures and environmental factors.
These factors had a negative effect on the teachers which led to back/muscular pains, stomach problem, high blood pressure, emotional imbalance, loss of appetite and sexual drive, lack of concentration among others. The aftermath of stress among teachers had psychological, physiological, physical and behavioural consequences. In conclusion, teachers have a part to play to ensure they maintain a healthy life style and moderate their level of stress. Therefore, we assert that a teacher under stress will not be able to perform optimally both in the work place
and at home.

Recommendations
            Based on the findings above the following recommendations have been made:

1.            Since the occupation related stress from lack of support from supervisors in tough times and workload conflict was high among workers, attention should be  to solve these issues- Lack of resources such as inadequate staff and lack of equipment must be advocated by the heads of the department or sections for the benefit of the staff.

2.            Performance is hindered by stress because the individual faces signals of stress which affects their productivity. Therefore, increasing formal organizational communication with employees reduces stress by lessening the role ambiguity. Open communication has an advantage of resolving conflicts between supervisors and subordinates. Lack of effective communication could cause unresolved conflicts that increase stress level.

3.            Support from supervisors and colleagues are a major factor in reducing stress. Supervisors need to recognize the good work and outstanding contributions of employees in challenging times to keep them motivated. Promoting a culture of support will set the example and it will make them realize that co-worker support is very important

4.            Government should employ more qualified teachers to cushion the effect of population explosion of students. 

5.            Regular seminars on best practices, stress, well-being, career development and progression
should be conducted regularly for teachers. Non Governmental Organisation NGO‘s should be encouraged to organise seminars on morals for students and Schools should have counselling who do not sit at the office waiting for salary at month end but one who help the students to be better citizens both at present and in future. This will help to educate teachers on how to handle stress and other issues of life. Also, there is need for a functional clinic in each school to take care of basic health care challenges.

 

 

 

 

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